College of Education
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Browsing College of Education by Department "Psychology"
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Item A Prospective Study of Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids During Adolescence and Ssubsequent Substance Use Disorder Symptoms in Early Midlife(Elsevier, 2019-01) McCabe, Sean Esteban; Veliz, Philip T.; Boyd, Carol J.; Schepis, Ty S.; McCabe, Vita V.; Schulenberg, JohnBackground: This longitudinal study assesses characteristics associated with adolescents' nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) including: frequency, co-ingestion, motives, specific opioid type; sequence of initiation of medical use of prescription opioids and NMUPO in relationship to subsequent substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Methods: Twenty-one independent national cohorts of U.S. high school seniors (n = 8,373) were surveyed and followed 17 years from adolescence to age 35. Results: The majority of adolescents who engaged in NMUPO reported occasional/frequent NMUPO, non-pain relief motives for NMUPO, simultaneous co-ingestion involving NMUPO and other drugs, opioid analgesics with high misuse potential, and multiple types of opioid analgesics. Adolescents who reported NMUPO for pain relief, NMUPO involving opioid analgesics with high misuse potential, or multiple prescription opioids had significantly greater odds of SUD symptoms at age 35, relative to those who had no history of NMUPO during adolescence. In addition, medical use of prescription opioids after initiating NMUPO (or NMUPO only) during adolescence was associated with significantly greater odds of subsequent SUD symptoms at age 35 relative to those who reported the medical use of prescription opioids only or had no medical use or NMUPO during adolescence. Conclusions: This is the first U.S. national prospective study to examine the relationships between adolescents' NMUPO characteristics and later SUD symptoms in early midlife. Several characteristics (frequency, co-ingestion, motives, opioid type, and medical/NMUPO initiation history) were identified that could be used to screen and detect high-risk youth for indicated interventions to reduce prescription opioid misuse and SUDs.Item A Research-Based Sequential Job Interview Training Model(American Personnel and Guidance Association, 2019-01) Snodgrass, Gregory; Wheeler, Richard WadeThis article presents a sequential model for teaching interviewing skills based on research on the job interview. The model integrates objectives of interview training with methods. The model is adaptable to institutions of varying resources.Item A Yoga Program for Cognitive Enhancement(Public Library of Science, 2017-08) Brunner, Devon; Abramovitch, Amitai; Etherton, Joseph L.Background: Recent studies suggest that yoga practice may improve cognitive functioning. Although preliminary data indicate that yoga improves working memory (WM), high-resolution information about the type of WM subconstructs, namely maintenance and manipulation, is not available. Furthermore, the association between cognitive enhancement and improved mindfulness as a result of yoga practice requires empirical examination. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a brief yoga program on WM maintenance, WM manipulation and attentive mindfulness. Methods: Measures of WM (Digit Span Forward, Backward, and Sequencing, and Letter-Number Sequencing) were administered prior to and following 6 sessions of yoga (N = 43). Additionally, the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale was administered to examine the potential impact of yoga practice on mindfulness, as well as the relationships among changes in WM and mindfulness. Results: Analyses revealed significant improvement from pre- to post- training assessment on both maintenance WM (Digit Span Forward) and manipulation WM (Digit Span Backward and Letter-Number Sequencing). No change was found on Digit Span Sequencing. Improvement was also found on mindfulness scores. However, no correlation was observed between mindfulness and WM measures. Conclusions: A 6-session yoga program was associated with improvement on manipulation and maintenance WM measures as well as enhanced mindfulness scores. Additional research is needed to understand the extent of yoga-related cognitive enhancement and mechanisms by which yoga may enhance cognition, ideally by utilizing randomized controlled trials and more comprehensive neuropsychological batteries.Item Age of Initiation, Psychopathology, and Other Substance Use are Associated with Time to Use Disorder Diagnosis in Persons Using Opioids Nonmedically(Taylor & Francis, 2017-09) Schepis, Ty S.; Hakes, JahnBackground: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is an ongoing public health challenge, as NMUPO is associated with psychopathology, other drug use, and fatal overdose. These concomitant risks are greatest in those with opioid use disorder (OUD), but the development of NMUPO-related use disorder is poorly understood. The primary aim of this study was to establish factors associated with the development of and time to OUD among persons engaged in NMUPO. Methods: Data were from wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions, with 1755 participants endorsing lifetime NMUPO. Analyses used sequential design-based logistic regression for DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) opioid dependence correlates, followed by Cox regression of proportional hazards for correlates (e.g., sociodemographics, age of NMUPO initiation, and psychopathology) of time to dependence in those who developed DSM-IV dependence. Results: Earlier age of NMUPO initiation increased OUD odds (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.94-0.96) but slowed OUD development (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.04-1.06) in those who developed OUD (n = 118), after controlling for sociodemographics, psychopathology, and ages of other drug use initiation. Psychopathology and earlier other drug use initiation were associated with higher OUD odds, but only having an alcohol use disorder was associated with shorter time to OUD. Conclusions: Earlier NMUPO initiation is associated with increased odds of OUD, although those with early initiation had a slower progression to OUD. Programs that prevent early NMUPO initiation, which might lower rates of OUD, and/or identify the later initiators at highest risk for rapid OUD development could have great public health benefits.Item Age-Specific Risk of Substance Use Disorders Associated With Controlled Medication Use and Misuse Subtypes in the United States(Elsevier, 2019-03) McCabe, Sean Esteban; Wilens, Timothy E.; Boyd, Carol J.; Chua, Kao-Ping; Voepel-Lewis, Terri; Schepis, Ty S.Objective: To examine the age-specific risk of past-year substance use disorders (SUDs) associated with use and misuse of prescription opioids, stimulants, sedatives and tranquilizers. Methods: The authors analyzed nationally representative data from 114,043 U.S. individuals aged 12 and older in the 2015-2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. For each controlled medication class, logistic regression was used to model any past-year SUD as a function of use pattern: no use or misuse, use without misuse, prescription drug misuse (PDM). Among individuals reporting PDM, logistic regression was used to model any past-year SUD as a function of PDM subtype (misuse of someone else's medication only, misuse of one's own medication only, and misuse of one's own and someone else's medication). Analyses were stratified by age group. Results: Controlled medication use was associated with higher odds of any past-year SUD compared to no use in many age groups and medication classes. Compared to non-use, PDM was associated with higher odds of any past-year SUD across virtually all age groups and medication classes. Compared to misuse of one's own medication only, misuse of both someone else's and one's own medication was associated with higher odds of any past-year SUD for many age groups and medication classes among individuals reporting PDM. Conclusions: Clinicians should screen all controlled medication users for PDM and SUDs. Age-specific screening may be required due to heterogeneity in the prevalence and risks of use and misuse of different medications. Determination of PDM subtype can guide interventions to prevent SUDs.Item Alcohol and Polydrug Use Among College Undergraduates: Mixing Drugs is Discussed(Taylor & Francis, 1983-10) Snodgrass, Gregory; Wright, Loyd StanleyNo abstract prepared.Item An Analysis of the External Validity of EEG Spectral Power in an Uncontrolled Outdoor Environment during Default and Complex Neurocognitive States(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021-03-05) Edwards, Dalton J.; Trujillo, LoganTraditionally, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) studies collect data within controlled laboratory environments that limit the external validity of scientific conclusions. To probe these validity limits, we used a mobile EEG system to record electrophysiological signals from human participants while they were located within a controlled laboratory environment and an uncontrolled outdoor environment exhibiting several moderate background influences. Participants performed two tasks during these recordings, one engaging brain activity related to several complex cognitive functions (number sense, attention, memory, executive function) and the other engaging two default brain states. We computed EEG spectral power over three frequency bands (theta: 4–7 Hz, alpha: 8–13 Hz, low beta: 14–20 Hz) where EEG oscillatory activity is known to correlate with the neurocognitive states engaged by these tasks. Null hypothesis significance testing yielded significant EEG power effects typical of the neurocognitive states engaged by each task, but only a beta-band power difference between the two background recording environments during the default brain state. Bayesian analysis showed that the remaining environment null effects were unlikely to reflect measurement insensitivities. This overall pattern of results supports the external validity of laboratory EEG power findings for complex and default neurocognitive states engaged within moderately uncontrolled environments.Item Assessing Priming for Prosodic Representations: Speaking Rate, Intonational Phrase Boundaries, and Pitch Accenting(Springer, 2018-05) Tooley, Kristen M.; Konopka, Agnieszka E.; Watson, Duane G.Recent work in the literature on prosody presents a puzzle: Some aspects of prosody can be primed in production (e.g., speech rate), but others cannot (e.g., intonational phrase boundaries, or IPBs). In three experiments we aimed to replicate these effects and identify the source of this dissociation. In Experiment 1 we investigated how speaking rate and the presence of an intonational boundary in a prime sentence presented auditorily affect the production of these aspects of prosody in a target sentence presented visually. Analyses of the targets revealed that participants' speaking rates, but not their production of boundaries, were affected by the priming manipulation. Experiment 2 verified whether speakers are more sensitive to IPBs when the boundaries provide disambiguating information, and in this different context replicated Experiment 1 in showing no IPB priming. Experiment 3 tested whether speakers are sensitive to another aspect of prosody-pitch accenting-in a similar paradigm. Again, we found no evidence that this manipulation affected pitch accenting in target sentences. These findings are consistent with earlier research and suggest that aspects of prosody that are paralinguistic (like speaking rate) may be more amenable to priming than are linguistic aspects of prosody (such as phrase boundaries and pitch accenting).Item Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians: Gender and Sexism(2006-04) Ogletree, Shirley M.; Harper, Ann E.Heterosexuals, particularly males, typically hold more negative attitudes towards gays than lesbians (Herek, 2002; Kerns & Fine, 1994). We explored the relation between sexism and the attitudes toward homosexuality in 99 male and 226 female college students, using the stereotype content model (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2004), the Attitude towards Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 1999) and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 2001). For men and women together as well as for each sex separately the sexism measures were significantly correlated with attitudes towards gay men and attitudes toward lesbians. Also, compared to women, men had significantly more negative attitudes towards gay men than lesbians.Item Brief Report: Recent Trends in Prescription Drug Misuse in the United States by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Sex(2021-10) Schepis, Ty S.; McCabe, Sean Esteban; Ford, Jason A.Background and Objectives: To examine changes in the U.S. past-year opioid, stimulant, and benzodiazepine prescription drug misuse (PDM) and poly-PDM by demographics. Methods: Data were from the 2015-19 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=282,768), examining annualized PDM change by demographics. Results: Opioid and Poly-PDM significantly declined among those under 35 years, White, and Multiracial residents. Discussion and Conclusion: Age and race/ethnicity are important moderators of recent PDM trends, warranting investigation of mechanisms. Scientific Significance: Results highlight ongoing PDM declines in younger groups but expand the literature by showing limited changes in adults 35 and older and non-opioid PDM.Item Evaluating Barriers to Adopting Telemedicine Worldwide: A Systematic Review(Sage Publishing, 2018-01) Kruse, Clemens S.; Karem, Priyanka; Shifflett, Kelli; Vegi, Lokesh; Ravi, Karuna; Brooks, MatthewIntroduction and objective: Studies on telemedicine have shown success in reducing the geographical and time obstacles incurred in the receipt of care in traditional modalities with the same or greater effectiveness; however, there are several barriers that need to be addressed in order for telemedicine technology to spread. The aim of this review is to evaluate barriers to adopting telemedicine worldwide through the analysis of published work. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic literature review by extracting the data from the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed (MEDLINE) research databases. The reviewers in this study analysed 30 articles (nine from CINAHL and 21 from Medline) and identified barriers found in the literature. This review followed the checklist from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009. The reviewers organized the results into one table and five figures that depict the data in different ways, organized by: barrier, country-specific barriers, organization-specific barriers, patient-specific barriers, and medical-staff and programmer-specific barriers. Results: The reviewers identified 33 barriers with a frequency of 100 occurrences through the 30 articles. The study identified the issues with technically challenged staff (11%), followed by resistance to change (8%), cost (8%), reimbursement (5%), age of patient (5%), and level of education of patient (5%). All other barriers occurred at or less than 4% of the time. Discussion and conclusions: Telemedicine is not yet ubiquitous, and barriers vary widely. The top barriers are technology-specific and could be overcome through training, change-management techniques, and alternating delivery by telemedicine and personal patient-to-provider interaction. The results of this study identify several barriers that could be eliminated by focused policy. Future work should evaluate policy to identify which one to lever to maximize the results.Item False Memories in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: Can Cognitive Strategies Help(Taylor & Francis, 2019-03) Malone, Christopher; Deason, Rebecca G.; Palumbo, Rocco; Heyworth, Nadine; Tat, Michelle; Budson, Andrew E.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that presents predominantly with impairments in learning and memory. Patients with AD are also susceptible to false memories, a clinically relevant memory distortion where a patient remembers an incorrect memory that they believe to be true. The use of cognitive strategies to improve memory performance among patients with AD by reducing false memories has taken on added importance given the lack of disease-modifying agents for AD. However, existing evidence suggests that cognitive strategies to reduce false memories in patients with AD are of limited effectiveness, although these strategies may be useful at earlier stages of the disease. The purpose of this review is to examine experimental findings of false memories and associated memory processes in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD and mild AD dementia. Cognitive strategies to reduce false memories in these patient populations are also reviewed. Approaches to clinically relevant future research are suggested and discussed.Item Implicit Learning of Structure Occurs in Parallel with Lexically-mediated Syntactic Priming Effects in Sentence Comprehension(Elsevier, 2018-02) Tooley, Kristen M.; Traxler, Matthew J.The aim of this study was to determine whether cumulative structural priming effects and trial-to-trial lexically-mediated priming effects are produced by the same mechanism in comprehension. Participants took part in a five-session eye tracking study where they read reduced-relative prime-target pairs with the same initial verb. Half of the verbs in these sentences were repeated across the five sessions and half were novel to each session. Total fixation times on the syntactically challenging parts of prime sentences decreased across sessions, suggesting participants implicitly learned the structure. Additional priming was also observed at the critical regions of the target sentences, and the magnitude of this effect did not change over the five sessions. These finding suggests long-lived adaptation to structure and short-lived lexically-mediated priming effects are caused by separate mechanisms in comprehension. A dual mechanism account of syntactic priming effects can best reconcile these results.Item Integrating College and Career Planning: A Counseling Paradigm(American College Personnel Association, 1984-03) Snodgrass, GregoryAcademic and career counselors can assist students in integrating the total college experience into a problem-solving approach to career planning.Item K-th Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Entropy Estimates of Complexity and Integration from Ongoing and Stimulus-Evoked Electroencephalographic (EEG) Recordings of the Human Brain(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019-01) Trujillo, LoganInformation-theoretic measures for quantifying multivariate statistical dependence have proven useful for the study of the unity and diversity of the human brain. Two such measures–integration, I(X), and interaction complexity, CI(X)–have been previously applied to electroencephalographic (EEG) signals recorded during ongoing wakeful brain states. Here, I(X) and CI(X) were computed for empirical and simulated visually-elicited alpha-range (8–13 Hz) EEG signals. Integration and complexity of evoked (stimulus-locked) and induced (non-stimulus-locked) EEG responses were assessed using nonparametric k-th nearest neighbor (KNN) entropy estimation, which is robust to the nonstationarity of stimulus-elicited EEG signals. KNN-based I(X) and CI(X) were also computed for the alpha-range EEG of ongoing wakeful brain states. I(X) and CI(X) patterns differentiated between induced and evoked EEG signals and replicated previous wakeful EEG findings obtained using Gaussian-based entropy estimators. Absolute levels of I(X) and CI(X) were related to absolute levels of alpha-range EEG power and phase synchronization, but stimulus-related changes in the information-theoretic and other EEG properties were independent. These findings support the hypothesis that visual perception and ongoing wakeful mental states emerge from complex, dynamical interaction among segregated and integrated brain networks operating near an optimal balance between order and disorder.Item Late Positive Component Event-related Potential Amplitude Predicts Long-term Classroom-based Learning(Dove Medical Press, 2018-09) Turk, Katherine W.; Elshaar, Ala'a A.; Deason, Rebecca G.; Heyworth, Nadine C.; Nagle, Corrine; Frustace, Bruno; Flannery, Sean; Zumwalt, Ann; Budson, Andrew E.It is difficult to predict whether newly learned information will be retrievable in the future. A biomarker of long-lasting learning, capable of predicting an individual's future ability to retrieve a particular memory, could positively influence teaching and educational methods. ERPs were investigated as a potential biomarker of long-lasting learning. Prior ERP studies have supported a dual-process model of recognition memory that categorizes recollection and familiarity as distinct memorial processes with distinct ERP correlates. The late positive component is thought to underlie conscious recollection and the frontal N400 signal is thought to reflect familiarity [Yonelinas, A. P. Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 356, 1363-1374, 2001]. Here we show that the magnitude of the late positive component, soon after initial learning, is predictive of subsequent recollection of anatomical terms among medical students 6 months later.Item Let’s Chat: Developmental Neural Bases of Social Motivation During Real-time Peer Interaction(John Wiley & Sons, 2018-05) Warnell, Katherine; Sadikova, Eleonora; Redcay, ElizabethHumans are motivated to interact with each other, but the neural bases of social motivation have been predominantly examined in non-interactive contexts. Understanding real-world social motivation is of special importance during middle childhood (ages 8-12), a period when social skills improve, social networks grow, and social brain networks specialize. To assess interactive social motivation, the current study used a novel fMRI paradigm in which children believed they were chatting with a peer. The design targeted two phases of interaction: (1) Initiation, in which children engaged in a social bid via sharing a like or hobby, and (2) Reply, in which children received either an engaged ("Me too") or non-engaged ("I'm away") reply from the peer. On control trials, children were told that their answers were not shared and that they would receive either engaged ("Matched") or non-engaged ("Disconnected") replies from the computer. Results indicated that during Initiation and Reply, key components of reward circuitry (e.g., ventral striatum) were more active for the peer than the computer trials. In addition, during Reply, social cognitive regions were more activated by the peer, and this social cognitive specialization increased with age. Finally, the effect of engagement type on reward circuitry activation was larger for social than non-social trials, indicating developmental sensitivity to social contingency. These findings demonstrate that both reward and social cognitive brain systems support real-time social interaction in middle childhood. An interactive approach to understanding social reward has implications for clinical disorders, where social motivation is more affected in real-world contexts.Item Mental Effort and Information-Processing Costs Are Inversely Related to Global Brain Free Energy During Visual Categorization(Frontiers Media, 2019-12) Trujillo, LoganMental effort is a neurocognitive process that reflects the controlled expenditure of psychological information-processing resources during perception, cognition, and action. There is a practical need to operationalize and measure mental effort in order to minimize detrimental effects of mental fatigue on real-world human performance. Previous research has identified several neurocognitive indices of mental effort, but these indices are indirect measures that are also sensitive to experimental demands or general factors such as sympathetic arousal. The present study investigated a potential direct neurocognitive index of mental effort based in theories where bounded rational decision makers (realized as embodied brains) are modeled as generalized thermodynamic systems. This index is called free energy, an information-theoretic system property of the brain that reflects the difference between the brain’s current and predicted states. Theory predicts that task-related differences in a decision makers’ free energy are inversely related to information-processing costs related to task decisions. The present study tested this prediction by quantifying global brain free energy from electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of human brain function. EEG signals were recorded while participants engaged in two visual categorization tasks in which categorization decisions resulted from the allocation of different levels of mental information processing resources. A novel method was developed to quantify brain free energy from machine learning classification of EEG trials. Participant information processing resource costs were estimated via computational analysis of behavior, whereas the subjective expression of mental effort was estimated via participant ratings of mental workload. Following theoretical predictions, task-related differences in brain free energy negatively correlated with increased allocation of information processing resource costs. These brain free energy differences were smaller for the visual categorization task that required a greater versus lesser allocation of information-processing resources. Ratings of mental workload were positively correlated with information-processing resource costs, and negatively correlated with global brain free energy differences, only for the categorization task requiring the larger amount of information-processing resource costs. These findings support theoretical thermodynamic approaches to decision making and provide the first empirical evidence of a relationship between mental effort, brain free energy, and neurocognitive information-processing.Item Neural and Genetic Correlates of Binge Drinking Among College Women(Elsevier, 2014-03) Bauer, Lance O.; Ceballos, Natalie A.Ninety-seven female students, aged 18–20 yrs, were assigned to groups consisting of 55 infrequent (less than monthly) and 42 frequent (at least monthly) binge drinkers. The groups were compared on self-report measures of impulsivity, sensation seeking, and alexithymia. The groups were also compared on several objective measures relevant to neural and genetic mechanisms, such as brain activation during a time estimation task and selected genotypes. Analyses of stimulus-locked brain activity revealed a slow cortical potential generated over the right parietal cortex during time estimation that was more negative in the frequent binge drinking group. This group also showed a greater prevalence of a CHRM2 genotype previously associated with substance dependence and Major Depressive Disorder as well as a modest elevation on a non-planning impulsiveness selfreport scale. We conclude that the enhanced brain activation shown by binge drinkers during time estimation compensates for an underlying deficit. That deficit may be reflected in poor planning skills and a genetic difference indicating increased risk for both externalizing and internalizing disorders in later life.Item Neurocognitive Function in Pediatric Obsessive-compulsive Disorder(Taylor and Francis, 2018-03) Geller, Daniel; Abramovitch, Amitai; Mittelman, Andrew; Stark, Abigail; Ramsey, Kesley; Cooperman, Allison; Baer, Lee; Stewart, S. EvelynObjectives: The small body of neuropsychological research in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) yields inconsistent results. A recent meta-analysis found small effect sizes, concluding that pediatric OCD may not be associated with cognitive impairments, stressing the need for more research. We investigated neuropsychological performance in a large sample of youths with OCD, while assessing potential moderators. Methods: Participants with OCD (n = 102) and matched controls (n = 161) were thoroughly screened and blindly evaluated for comorbidities, and completed a neuropsychological battery assessing processing speed, visuospatial abilities (VSA), working memory (WM), non-verbal memory (NVM), and executive functions (EF). Results: Compared to controls, youths with OCD exhibited underperformance on tasks assessing processing speed. On tests of VSA and WM, underperformance was found only on timed tasks. There were no differences on NVM and EF tasks. Notably, the OCD group's standardised scores were in the normative range. Test performance was not associated with demographic or clinical variables. Conclusions: Youths with OCD exhibited intact performance on memory and EF tests, but slower processing speed, and underperformance only on timed VSA and WM tasks. While the OCD group performed in the normative range, these findings reveal relative weaknesses that may be overlooked. Such an oversight may be of particular importance in clinical and school settings.
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