Colleges and Department Research
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Browsing Colleges and Department Research by Department "Agricultural Sciences"
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Item A Multistage Budgeting Approach to the Analysis of Demand for Fish: An Application to Inland Areas of Bangladesh(The University of Chicago Press, 2011-03) Dey, Madan; Alam, Ferdous; Paraguas, Ferdinand J.This study was conducted to estimate the elasticities of demand for eight different fish types and four income groups in Bangladesh using year-round data collected from inland areas of the country. It uses a three-stage budgeting framework that estimates a demand function for food in the first stage, a demand function for fish (as a group) in the second stage, and a set of demand functions for fish by type in the third stage using a quadratic extension of the Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. The Heckman procedure was used in stage three to remove the possible bias in the parameter estimates brought about by zero consumption. The magnitude of both price and income elasticities varies across different fish types and income quartile groups, indicating the relevance of estimation specific to fish types and quartiles. Except for assorted small fish, the other seven fish types included in the study were found to have positive income elasticity for all income levels. Assorted small fish is an inferior commodity for the richest quartile of the population.Item Adiponectin Influences FGF2 in the Developing Porcine Corpus Luteum(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022-02-12) Flores, Rita; Ramirez, Martha; Ayala, Luis; Benavides, Elizabeth; Xie, Fang; Arellano, Adrian; Stanko, Randy; Garcia, MichelleLuteal angiogenesis is regulated by pro-angiogenic hormones including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), which are regulated by the adipokine leptin during development. Another adipokine, adiponectin, exhibits an inverse relationship with leptin and has been identified in the CL. Therefore, it is hypothesized that adiponectin will influence pro-angiogenic hormones in the developing porcine CL. Crossbred sows were randomly allocated to one of two days of the estrous cycle, day 5 (D5; n = 4) or day 7 (D7; n = 5) for CL collection. Tissue was processed for immunohistochemical localization of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), gene expression of FGF2, Ang1, leptin, AdipoR2, and cell culture for adiponectin treatment. The expression of AdipoR2 tended (p = 0.09) to be higher in D7 lutea and was more prevalently localized to the cell surface of large and small luteal cells than in D5 tissue. Adiponectin influenced (p ≤ 0.05) FGF2, leptin, and AdipoR2 gene expression relative to the dose and day (D5 or D7). Collectively, the evidence supports the supposition that adiponectin influences angiogenic factors in the developing CL.Item Adoption of Software in the Post-Secondary Agricultural Classroom as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic(North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture, 2021-04) Tasci, Kayra; Drewery, Merritt; Anderson, Ryan; Swafford, MarshallCovid-19 required educational institutions to respect social distancing guidelines, forcing faculty to adapt their face-to-face courses into an online format. The diffusion of innovations theory provides the framework for this study, which evaluated faculty adoption of software, with a focus on Learning Management Software (LMS) features, in the post-secondary agricultural classroom before and as a result of Covid-19. Our data indicate large shifts in the percentage of faculty who adopted recording software, video conferencing software, and collaborative software for teaching as a result of Covid-19. With specificity to LMS, more faculty used these features to administer tests or quizzes and post lectures as a result of Covid-19. Further, faculty reported heavier reliance on LMS features, with shifts from lower frequency of use categories to those representing more frequent use. Faculty were forced to adopt software and LMS features to maintain communication and continuity of education in an online environment. This forced adoption likely caused permanent changes in post-secondary agricultural education, as many respondents who did not previously use recording software, video conferencing software, and LMS for teaching reported that, as a result of Covid-19, they intend to incorporate these tools in future courses, even when face-to-face instruction resumes.Item Adoption of Technology and Social Media in the Post-Secondary Agricultural Classroom Before and as a Result of COVID-19(North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture, 2021-04) Carrasco, M.; Drewery, Merritt; Anderson, Ryan; Swafford, MarshallCoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disrupted daily life on a global scale. Arguably, those involved in education were among the most affected by COVID-19 as mandated school closures demanded an abrupt shift to online classrooms. To maintain continuity, educators were required to integrate technology and new methods of communication into their classrooms, especially for disciplines with applied concepts, such as agricultural sciences. The diffusion of innovation theory provides the framework for our study, which evaluated post-secondary agricultural faculty adoption and plans for continued use of social media for teaching as a result of COVID-19. Agricultural faculty reported an increase in the use and frequency of use of computers, smartphones, or tablets for teaching as a result of COVID-19. We did not observe the same increase for most social media channels (i.e., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter); however, there were major shifts in the use of YouTube and LinkedIn as a result of the pandemic. When asked about plans for use after COVID-19, faculty indicated they would be using social media in their classrooms where they were not before, especially YouTube and LinkedIn. These data indicate COVID-19 impacted post-secondary agricultural faculty use of technology and social media for teaching with potential long-term impacts.Item An Intra-farm Study of Production Factors and Productivity for Shrimp Farms in Bangladesh: An Index Approach(The University of Chicago Press, 2008-01) Gordon, Daniel V.; Bjorndal, Trond; Dey, Madan; Talukder, Rezaul KarimThe production characteristics of shrimp farming in Bangladesh are reported based on a panel of farms for the period 1998 to 2002. The data allow for a profit decomposition based on the Törnqvist index, where differences in relative profits can be explained by differences in productivity, prices, and pond size. The indices indicate that pond size is the most important factor in determining profitability and that the largest farms are the most profitable. However, productivity measured as profit per hectare is only weakly positively correlated with pond size. In fact, the smallest ponds rely more on productivity in generating profit relative to the most profitable farm. These results indicate that small farms are disadvantaged not because they lack the skills to manage, but because the farms are too small. The challenge for Bangladeshi policy makers is to devise methods and procedures to allow small farmers to expand pond size.Item Analysis of Demand System for Unbreaded Frozen Seafood in the United States Using Store-level Scanner Data(The University of Chicago Press, 2012-12) Singh, Kehar; Dey, Madan; Surathkal, PrasannaThis article uses weekly national store-level scanner data acquired from A.C. Nielsen Inc., to analyze demand for 14 unbreaded frozen seafood products in the United States (U.S.). While utilization of scanner data for food demand analyses has become increasingly popular in the U.S., just a few studies of seafood demand have utilized scanner data. We used a log linear version of the Paasche’s index with lagged shares as the price index in an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model and modified the intercept of a standard AIDS model to account for effects of the season and the lagged demand. Own-price, cross-price, and expenditure elasticities vary across species considerably, which highlights the importance of studying consumer demand behavior at disaggregated levels for seafood.Item Analysis of the economic impact of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies for fisheries sector in Pacific coral triangle countries: Model, estimation strategy, and baseline results(Elsevier, 2016-01) Dey, Madan; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Gosh, Kamal; Chen, Oai Li; Valmonte-Santos, RowenaThis paper presents a supply-and-demand model for the fisheries sector developed to assess the effect of climate change and related adaptation strategies in four Pacific coral triangle (CT) countries—Fiji, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, and Vanuatu. The modeling approach used in this paper represents climate change in terms of supply shocks, and works out its economic consequences using the microeconomic tools of supply and demand. The analysis has considered three time periods: current (represented by the average data of the three most recent available years 2006–2009), medium term (2035), and long term (2050). The study covers all fisheries and aquaculture species, grouped into six key subsectors: tuna, other oceanic finfish, coastal finfish, coastal invertebrates, freshwater finfish, and freshwater invertebrates. Results of the baseline model indicate that with rising per capita income and population, fish demand is expected to increase substantially up to 2050. In contrast to significant growth in fish demand, growth in domestic fish production is projected to be slow due to climate change and other constraints. There is a strong likelihood that many Pacific countries will become large net importers of fish under the baseline scenario (i.e., without implementing climate change adaptation strategies). Likewise, per capita consumption of domestically produced fish is projected to decline under the baseline scenario.Item Changes in Academic Rigor and Faculty Perception of Student Learning in the Post-Secondary Classroom During COVID-19(North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture, 2021-10) Tasci, Kayra; Drewery, Merritt; Anderson, RyanThe environment created by Covid-19 did not allow for face-to-face instruction, forcing educators to transition courses online. While Covid-19 disrupted the learning experience, it also accelerated the delivery of online courses at the post-secondary level. Thus, we should leverage the widespread adoption of online learning that occurred during the pandemic to document effects on the learning experience and help educators craft their online courses moving forward. Our objectives were to capture: 1) how and why post-secondary agricultural faculty altered academic rigor in courses in response to Covid-19; and 2) faculty perceptions of student learning during Covid-19. Respondents lessened (33%), increased (10%), or did not change (52%) academic rigor from March to October 2020. When asked an open-ended question about why they altered academic rigor, responses emerged into four themes: 1) concerns over academic dishonesty; 2) difficulty converting practical concepts to an online format; 3) student engagement or communication suffered; and 4) lacking resources or time. Faculty felt students learned less (56%), more (4%), or the same amount (33%) in courses during Covid-19 as compared to previous semesters. Using the Academic Communities of Engagement (ACE) model, we interpreted our data and discussed best practices for faculty teaching online.Item Demand for fish in Asia: A cross-country analysis(Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Inc., 2008-08-28) Dey, Madan; Garcia, Yolanda T.; Kumar, Praduman; Piumsombun, Somying; Sirajul Haque, Muhammad; Li, Luping; Radam, Alias; Senaratne, Athula; Tri Khiem, Nguyen; Koeshendrajana, SonnyFish demand patterns in nine Asian countries were investigated using a multistage budgeting framework allowing a disaggregated approach to analysing fish consumption. This paper highlights the heterogeneity of fisheries products in terms of species, sources and cultural responses of consumers, factors that are important in fish demand under the Asian setting. Specifically, fish demand by income groups were compared to determine how the low- and high-income households respond to price and income changes. Results showed that the estimated price and income elasticities of all fish types included in the study were relatively more elastic among the poorer households.Item Does Aquaculture Support the Needs of Nutritionally Vulnerable Nations?(Frontiers Media, 2017-05-29) Golden, Christopher D.; Seto, Katherine L.; Dey, Madan; Chen, Oai Li; Gephart, Jessica A.; Myers, Samuel S.; Smith, Matthew; Vaitla, Bapu; Allison, Edward H.Aquaculture now supplies half of the fish consumed directly by humans. We evaluate whether aquaculture, given current patterns of production and distribution, supports the needs of poor and food-insecure populations throughout the world. We begin by identifying 41 seafood-reliant nutritionally vulnerable nations (NVNs), and ask whether aquaculture meets human nutritional demand directly via domestic production or trade, or indirectly via purchase of nutritionally rich dietary substitutes. We find that a limited number of NVNs have domestically farmed seafood, and of those, only specific aquaculture approaches (e.g., freshwater) in some locations have the potential to benefit nutritionally vulnerable populations. While assessment of aquaculture's direct contribution via trade is constrained by data limitations, we find that it is unlikely to contribute substantially to human nutrition in vulnerable groups, as most exported aquaculture consists of high-value species for international markets. We also determine that subpopulations who benefit from aquaculture profits are likely not the same subpopulations who are nutritionally vulnerable, and more research is needed to understand the impacts of aquaculture income gains. Finally, we discuss the relationship of aquaculture to existing trends in capture fisheries in NVNs, and suggest strategies to create lasting solutions to nutritional security, without exacerbating existing challenges in access to food and land resources.Item Economic impact of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies for fisheries sector in Fiji(Elsevier, 2016-05) Dey, Madan; Gosh, Kamal; Valmonte-Santos, Rowena; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Chen, Oai LiCapture fisheries and aquaculture sectors have played major roles in the national economy and food security of Fiji. But climate change may place substantial stress on these sectors within this archipelago. This paper assesses the potential economic impact of two important climate change adaptation strategies in Fiji, natural resource management (NRM) and aquaculture, using a market fish supply–demand model. The model undertakes a comparative analysis of alternative fisheries development scenarios for 2035 and 2050, while taking account of the impact of climate change on the fisheries sector. The modeling and scenario analyses show that promoting aquaculture can help raise aggregate fish production, consumption, and trade. However, the required increases in aquaculture could be massive. While aquaculture development alone is unlikely to meet the growing excess demand for fish in Fiji, it will be an important component in adapting to the negative effects of climate change on capture fisheries. Various NRM strategies, such as marine protected areas (MPAs) and locally managed marine areas (LMMAs), are projected to have positive impacts in Fiji, expanding the stock and catch of fish. But current efforts on various NRM strategies are too small to have any meaningful impact to reverse the declining trends of coastal fisheries catch. Efforts would need to be greatly scaled-up to achieve significant production gains.Item Economic impact of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies for fisheries sector in Solomon Islands: Implication for food security(Elsevier, 2016-05) Dey, Madan; Gosh, Kamal; Valmonte-Santos, Rowena; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Chen, Oai LiFisheries resources play a major role in the national economy and to food security in Solomon Islands. Climate change is likely to have a substantial impact on fish production that can lead to a fragile food security condition in the country. This paper assesses the potential economic impact of three important climate change adaptation strategies – natural resource management (NRM), fish aggregating devices (FAD) and aquaculture – in Solomon Islands. The study used a country-specific partial equilibrium economic model with six fish sub-sectors and analyzed potential impact of alternate climate change adaptation strategies for 2035 and 2050. The modeling and scenario analyses show that total fish demand is likely to surpass domestic fish production in 2050. Without appropriate climate adaptation strategy, per capita consumption of domestically produced fish will decline, which has serious negative food security implications for the country. The economic (welfare) analysis conducted based on modeling results show that the national level net economic gains due to climate change adaptation strategies are substantial. If cost and topographic conditions permit, low-cost inshore FADs are expected to be a good mechanism for augmenting domestic supplies of tuna and similar species in Solomon Islands.Item Economic impacts of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies in Vanuatu and Timor-Leste(Elsevier, 2016-05) Rosegrant, Mark W.; Dey, Madan; Valmonte-Santos, Rowena; Chen, Oai LiThe fisheries sectors in Vanuatu and Timor-Leste are important sources of food and income. Similar to other developing countries and those in the Pacific, they are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change more so because of their geographic location, socioeconomic conditions and political instability. Nonetheless, there are approaches to alleviate the damaging effects of climate change in the region's fisheries sector. Using economic modeling, this paper estimates the economic costs of potential climate change adaptation strategies for the fisheries sector in Vanuatu and Timor-Leste through assessment of alternative future scenarios. Strategies include aquaculture development, natural resource management through establishment and/or expansion of marine protected areas, and deployment of low-cost inshore fish aggregating devices. Modeling results demonstrate that the above innovations will enable the two countries to significantly improve coastal and freshwater fish production in the medium-term (2035) and long-term (2050). Fish consumption is projected to grow due to population and income improvements; yet considerable increases in production will augment demand. Furthermore, national-level gains are projected from these adaptation strategies through fish exports. Improved production under climate change will require significant investments from the national governments of Vanuatu and Timor-Leste and/or private sectors.Item Effect of upstream processing on nutritional value of post-extraction algal residue for beef cattle(Animal Nutrition Association, 2021-10-19) Drewery, Merritt; Sawyer, Jason; Wickersham, TryonPost-extraction algal residue (PEAR), a co-product from extracting algal oil for conversion to biofuel, has the potential to be marketed as livestock feed. However, the algal biofuel industry has not yet adopted standardized processing practices, which potentially causes nutrient fluctuations in the coproduct, PEAR. Our objective was to determine the effect of various upstream processing methods on the nutritional value of PEAR for beef cattle production. To meet this objective, a batch of Nannochloris oculata was subjected to different methods of harvesting, drying, preparation for oil extraction, and oil extraction, yielding ten unique samples for nutritional analysis. Crude protein and lipid content of samples ranged 19-36 and 2-10 per cent, respectively, demonstrating wide macronutrient variation in accordance with different upstream processing methods. All PEAR contained S concentrations (>0.81%) which may limit the inclusion rate in beef cattle rations. For harvesting methods, flocculation increased Fe and Al >289% relative to centrifuged PEAR. Flocculated and centrifuged PEAR had Ca:P of 18:1 and 9:1, respectively, which would present additional formulation challenges. Flocculation decreased S and Na concentrations by 37 and 77%, respectively, relative to centrifuged PEAR; however, both minerals remained present in quantities, which would impact the their level of inclusion in rations. Reducing mineral and increasing protein concentrations in PEAR will increase its value and utilization in beef cattle production, ultimately enhancing the success and viability of algal biofuel production. Mineral imbalances in PEAR can be partially attributed to upstream processing methods that are avoidable or manageable, underlining the need for upstream algal biofuel processers to be aware of the downstream (co-product) impacts of their practices.Item Examining Student Perceptions of Their Experience in a TBL Formatted Capstone Course(American Association for Agricultural Education, 2018-01) McCubbins, OP; Paulsen, Thomas H.; Anderson, RyanWhile shown to be less effective than active learning strategies, traditional methods of content delivery in post-secondary classrooms are the most prominent. Flipped classrooms, an example of an active learning approach, have been shown to be effective in long-term student outcomes. Team-Based Learning (TBL), a specific application of the flipped approach, has been linked to an increase in student performance, engagement, and satisfaction. TBL emphasizes the application of content knowledge through structured problem solving and decision making activities. The capstone farm management course at Iowa State University was recently restructured to implement TBL. This course revision sought to emphasize the development of skills necessary for success in an evolving workforce. The purpose of this study was to examine student perceptions concerning their attitudes and beliefs about learning, their motivation to learn, and their professional development through critical thinking. Pretest and posttest measures were compared and showed statistically significant increases across all three areas. These results offer valuable insight for the adoption of student-centered teaching methods, specifically TBL. Further examination of this teaching method compared to traditional teaching methods is warranted and recommended.Item Fisheries sector under climate change in the coral triangle countries of Pacific Islands: Current status and policy issues(Elsevier, 2016-05) Valmonte-Santos, Rowena; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Dey, MadanPacific Island countries face food insecurity, limited availability of productive agricultural land, and deteriorating coastal and marine biodiversity where communities rely on these resources for food and economic sustainability. Climate change further impends these Pacific Island countries, jeopardizing land and aquatic ecosystems in addition to threatening the livelihoods and socioeconomic conditions of coastal communities. The national governments of Pacific Island countries have created a number of development policies and plans to enhance the economic conditions, safety assurance, environmental conservation and preservation and other critical requirements of the national populace. This first paper in this Special Section aims to present the economic contributions, types of fisheries and common fishing practices/gears, and the institutional set-up and the national development plans and policies related to the fisheries sector in four Pacific countries namely, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Timor-Leste. The paper discusses the common issues and the collective action surrounding the fisheries sector in these Pacific countries. The final section of the paper provides conclusions based on the findings of the four subsequent papers of this Special Section.Item Impact of Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi(WorldFish Center, 2006-06) Dey, Madan; Kambewa, Patrick; Prein, Mark; Jamu, Daniel; Paraguas, Ferdinand J.; Pemsl, Diemuth E.; Briones, Roehlano M.Malawi is a small but densely populated country in Southern Africa. Fish is an important part of the nutrition of Malawians, providing essential protein and micronutrients. However, per capita fish consumption has halved over the ten-year period between 1988 to 1998 due to over-fishing in the lakes and doubling of the population since the 1970s, accompanied by an increase in the price of fish. This has worsened access to food insecurity, especially in rural areas, in a country where an estimated 66 per cent of the population consume less than the minimum daily calorie requirement. This paper presents an ex-post impact assessment of the development and dissemination of smallscale integrated aquaculture-agriculture technologies by The WorldFish Center and its national and international partners over more than 15 years in Malawi. The impact study measures the effects of these outputs on the degree of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) technology adoption and diffusion, the effects on farm income and health of household members, and the welfare effects of increased fish supply on the Malawian economy.Item Impacts of community-based fish culture in seasonal floodplains on income, food security and employment in Bangladesh(Springer, 2017-02) Haque, A. B. M. Mahfuzul; Dey, MadanThis paper examines the impact of community based fish culture in seasonal floodplains on fish production, consumption, income, and food security of the participating households in Bangladesh. An analysis was performed using a randomly selected 46 % of the households from the three project and control floodplains; data were collected using longitudinal surveys on a seasonally, quarterly and monthly basis for the years 2007, 2008 and 2009. Fish production, income and food security of the participating households was improved due to the adoption of an equitable and inclusive multi-stakeholder approach introduced by the project. Average fish production increased from 124 kg/ha/yr. to 464 kg/ha/yr. The introduced community-based fish culture approach generated 3.74 times more fish income for households in the project sites in comparison to the control sites. Per capita monthly fish consumption increased from 1.26 kg to 2.31 kg in the project sites, which was 32 % higher than the control sites. Project implementation reduced the vulnerability of local beneficiaries, particularly of the landless and poor fishermen, by creating additional fishing opportunity for up to 6 months of the year. Promotion of the community based fish culture in seasonal floodplains may thus be useful in bringing about positive changes in the overall floodplain productivity and livelihood gains for the poor people of Bangladesh.Item Increased income from seasonally flooded rice fields through community based fish culture in Bangladesh and Vietnam(Taylor & Francis, 2005-02) Dey, Madan; Prein, MarkIn extensive river floodplains and deltaic lowlands, floods lasting several months render the land unavailable for crop (often rice) production during the rainy season. Aside from crop production during the flood-free dry season, the land area can be utilized for fish production during the flood season. This can be done by enclosing parts of these floodwater areas to produce a crop of stocked fish aside from the naturally occurring ‘wild’ species. The WorldFish Center and its national partners recently tested (1) concurrent rice-fish culture in the shallower flooded areas and (2) alternating rice and fish culture in the deep-flooded areas of Bangladesh and Vietnam through a community-based management system. This paper presents the key results of this work, focusing on the economics of existing land use patters and the impact of community based fish culture on rice yields and income. Rice production was maintained, or even enhanced. Fish production was increased beyond the wild catch by about 600 kg/ha/year in shallow-flooded areas and up to 1.5 t/ha/year in deep-flooded areas, without reduction in wild fish catch. For the overall system on an annual basis, an additional income ranging from US$ 135 per hectare in southern Vietnam to US$ 437 per hectare in Bangladesh was achieved, which is an increase of 20 to 85 percent over the profitability of the previous systems involving cropping and fish capture. The results indicate that community-based fish culture in rice fields is technically feasible, economically profitable, environmentally non-destructive, and socially acceptable.Item Integrating Agriculture, Fisheries and Ecosystem Conservation: Win-win Solutions(National Institute of Ecology, 2006-03) Sugunan, Veliyil Vasu; Prein, Mark; Dey, MadanIntegrated Agriculture-Aquaculture (IAA) is essentially diversification of agriculture, leading to synergisms among sub-systems resulting in a higher productivity from land/water area under the farmers' control. One method of achieving this is adding a pond culture component to a farm system, basically to receive and utilize the nutrient inputs from the latter. The second method is physically integrating aquaculture into the other systems by modifying the farm design and operations. More than 30% of the total geographical area in 40 countries covering 9.2 million km2 in Sub-Saharan Africa is suitable for some form of integrated aquaculture. Based on the present production level, it has been projected that 35% of the Africa's increased requirement of fish in 2010 could be met by small scale fish farmers using IAA in just 0.5 % of the total potentially available area. The main motivations that enable farmers in adopting IAA are to i) reduce risk from cropping, ii) accumulate capital, iii) provide draught animal power and manure for fertilizer/fuel (in case of livestock), iv) satisfy cultural needs, v) enhance prestige/status, vi) provide food, and vii) generate income. An opportunity for further increased production in the flood-prone ecosystem is the integration of capture fisheries and fish culture with rice farming on a community management basis. However, a key requirement for win-win situation is the development and operation of a good governance system based on community approach in managing the IAA operations. This helps to ensure equity, minimize conflicts among stakeholders and ensure easy resolution of conflicts, should they arise. This has been shown to work very well in a floodplain rice-fish culture system, where in spite of individual ownership of rice plots, fish culture is done on a community basis. Rice-fish systems foster ecological conservation through a number of means such as use of natural organic inputs, least alteration in the physical habitat, safeguarding agro-biodiversity (both rice and fish), allowing free movement of wild stock (in flooded systems), efficient recycling of farm wastes, utilizing all possible synergisms in various farm sub-systems, encouraging community and participatory approach in managing the resources, which can facilitate mass awareness on conservation.