College of Liberal Arts
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Item 21st Century Expeditionary Mindset and Core Values: A Review of the Literature(2009-10-31) Shields, Patricia M.This paper reviews literature on the expeditionary mindset and core values taking into account the 21st century security and technology environments. The paper begins by developing the historical context and providing definitions. Next, the paper explores the connection between the expeditionary mindset and military transformation. Key tenets of the 21st century expeditionary mindset are identified and examined. Soldiers with an expeditionary mindset should first, be mentally prepared to deploy on short notice anywhere in the world; second, have the critical-thinking skills necessary to adapt quickly to a changing operational environment; third, work cooperatively with members of a Joint team; fourth, posses knowledge of the culture in the area of the local populace, and; fifth, the expeditionary force will be using 21st century network centric technology. The paper concludes with a discussion of military core values within the context of an expeditionary mindset.Item A Cross-Level Exploratory Analysis of “Neighborhood Effects” on Urban Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2015-11) Weaver, RussellIt is now generally accepted that spatially-based neighborhood or contextual attributes influence individual behaviors. However, studies of contextual effects often operationalize “neighborhoods” as static, single-level administrative units that are chosen for data availability rather than theoretical reasons. This practice has led to new calls for sound conceptual models that guide data collection efforts and statistical analyses related to these phenomena. While many such models are in use or being proposed in the social sciences, this article argues that research in the field of evolutionary studies offers alternative and interesting ways of investigating neighborhood effects. Accordingly, the article pursues two objectives. First, it makes connections between neighborhood effects research in the social sciences and relevant literature in evolutionary game theory and evolutionary urban geography. Second, these interdisciplinary interactions guide the development of a cross-level conceptual model of neighborhood effects on urban social behavior. The conceptual model is then translated into an empirical model that tests whether and how property maintenance behavior in a selected U.S. study area changes as a function of neighborhood context. The findings reveal that neighborhood effects operate at multiple, interacting spatial levels in the study area, which suggests that conventional single-level administrative boundaries are not equipped to capture these effects. While they are proffered as exploratory, the results nonetheless imply that insights from evolutionary research can add depth and theoretical grounding to contextual effects studies in the social sciences.Item A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis of the Underlying Factors Related to the Surface Urban Heat Island Phenomenon(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2018-09) Zhao, Chunhong; Jensen, Jennifer L. R.; Weng, Qihao; Weaver, RussellThis study investigated how underlying biophysical attributes affect the characterization of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon using (and comparing) two statistical techniques: global regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Land surface temperature (LST) was calculated from Landsat 8 imagery for 20 July 2015 for the metropolitan areas of Austin and San Antonio, Texas. We sought to examine SUHI by relating LST to Lidar-derived terrain factors, land cover composition, and landscape pattern metrics developed using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2011. The results indicate that (1) land cover composition is closely related to the SUHI effect for both metropolitan areas, as indicated by the global regression coefficients of building fraction and NDVI, with values of 0.29 and −0.74 for Austin, and 0.19 and −0.38 for San Antonio, respectively. The terrain morphology was also an indicator of the SUHI phenomenon, implied by the elevation (0.20 for Austin and 0.09 for San Antonio) and northness (0.20 for Austin and 0.09 for San Antonio); (2) the SUHI phenomenon of Austin on 20 July 2015 was affected by the spatial pattern of the land use and land cover (LULC), which was not detected for San Antonio; and (3) with a local determination coefficient higher than 0.8, GWR had higher explanatory power of the underlying factors compared to global regression. By accommodating spatial non-stationarity and allowing the model parameters to vary in space, GWR illustrated the spatial heterogeneity of the relationships between different land surface properties and the LST. The GWR analysis of SUHI phenomenon can provide unique information for site-specific land planning and policy implementation for SUHI mitigation.Item A History of Bosque County, Texas(San Marcos Record Press, 1954-01) Pool, William C.No abstract prepared.Item A Naturalistic Theory of Justice: Critical Commentary on, and Selected Readings from C.I. Lewis' Ethics(University Press of America, Inc., 1981-08) Luizzi, Vincent L.This book is designed to acquaint the reader with C.I. Lewis' ethics by providing critical commentary on Lewis' work in addition to reprinting some of Lewis' writings in ethics. The commentary is not meant to be a substitute for the complete work in ethics that Lewis was preparing before his death but merely a systematic study of some central aspects of his thought in ethics.Item A Postmodern Iconography: Vonnegut and the Great American Novel(Cambridge Scholars, 2008-01) Tally, Robert T., Jr.No abstract prepared.Item A Pragmatic Teaching Philosophy(Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration, 2003-01-08) Shields, Patricia M.No abstract prepared.Item A Research Playbook: Tools to Manage the Process While Enhancing Coherence and Creativity(2018-09-17) Shields, Patricia M.Have you ever made a connection between football and award-winning student research? This workshop introduces The Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating conceptual frameworks and project management. Using extensive metaphors from football, the author-presenter introduces research tools which can transform writing a paper into managing a project while bringing coherence and creativity to the empirical research process.Item A Review of the Applications of Remote Sensing in Fire Ecology(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019-11) Szpakowski, David M.; Jensen, Jennifer L. R.Wildfire plays an important role in ecosystem dynamics, land management, and global processes. Understanding the dynamics associated with wildfire, such as risks, spatial distribution, and effects is important for developing a clear understanding of its ecological influences. Remote sensing technologies provide a means to study fire ecology at multiple scales using an efficient and quantitative method. This paper provides a broad review of the applications of remote sensing techniques in fire ecology. Remote sensing applications related to fire risk mapping, fuel mapping, active fire detection, burned area estimates, burn severity assessment, and post-fire vegetation recovery monitoring are discussed. Emphasis is given to the roles of multispectral sensors, lidar, and emerging UAS technologies in mapping, analyzing, and monitoring various environmental properties related to fire activity. Examples of current and past research are provided, and future research trends are discussed. In general, remote sensing technologies provide a low-cost, multi-temporal means for conducting local, regional, and global-scale fire ecology research, and current research is rapidly evolving with the introduction of new technologies and techniques which are increasing accuracy and efficiency. Future research is anticipated to continue to build upon emerging technologies, improve current methods, and integrate novel approaches to analysis and classification.Item "A Superior Kind of Working Woman": The Contested Meaning of Vocational Education for Girls in Progressive Era Chicago(Cambridge University Press, 2021-07) Oram, RubyProgressive Era school officials transformed public education in American cities by teaching male students trades like foundry, carpentry, and mechanics in classrooms outfitted like factories. Historians have demonstrated how this “vocational education movement” was championed by male administrators and business leaders anxious to train the next generation of expert tradesmen. But women also hoped vocational education could prepare female students for industrial careers. In the early twentieth century, members of the National Women’s Trade Union League demanded that public schools open trade programs to female students and teach future working women the history of capitalism and the philosophy of collective bargaining. Their ambitious goals were tempered by some middle-class reformers and club women who argued vocational programs should also prepare female students for homemaking and motherhood. This article uses Chicago as a case study to explore how Progressive Era women competed and collaborated to reform vocational education for girls, and how female students responded to new school programs designed to prepare them for work both in and outside the home.Item “[A]n Exterior Air of Pilgrimage”: The Resilience of Pilgrimage Ecopoetics and Slow Travel from Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales to Jack Kerouac’s On the Road(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2020-10-08) Morrison, Susan SigneWhile the Beats can be seen as critical actors in the environmental humanities, their works should be seen over the longue durée. They are not only an origin, but are also recipients, of an environmentally aware tradition. With Geoffrey Chaucer and Jack Kerouac, we see how a contemporary American icon functions as a text parallel to something generally seen as discrete and past, an instance of the modern embracing, interpreting, and appropriating the medieval. I argue that The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer influenced Kerouac’s shaping of On the Road. In the unpublished autograph manuscript travel diary dating from 1948–1949 (On the Road notebook), Kerouac imagines the novel as a quest tale, thinking of pilgrimage during its gestation. Further, Kerouac explicitly cites Chaucer. His novel can be seen not only in the tradition of Chaucer, but can bring out aspects of pilgrimage ecopoetics in general. These connections include structural elements, the spiritual development of the narrator, reliance on vernacular dialect, acute environmental awareness, and slow travel. Chaucer’s influence on Kerouac highlights how certain elements characteristic of pilgrimage literature persist well into the modern period, in a resilience of form, language, and ecological sensibility.Item Academic Publishing in Military Studies: Insight and Tips from an Experience Editor(2023-10) Shields, Patricia M.This workshop on publishing in military studies employs the insights of Pat Shields who has edited the academic journal Armed Forces & Society for 23 years. It covers the manuscript review process, the editor’s big picture perspective, tips on general acceptance emphasizing getting past the editor’s desk, publishing book reviews, and things to do to improve acceptance early on and during the revise and resubmit stage.Item Academic Publishing in Military Studies: Insights from an Experienced Editor(2018-10) Shields, Patricia M.This is a workshop on publishing in military studies presented at the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society - Canada. It includes a discussion of how articles in military studies are ranked and rated, the manuscript review process, the editor's perspective, getting past the editor's desk, general tips on quality, things to consider before submission and at the revise and resubmit stage, personal keys to success and how to enhance discoverability after publication.Item Accuracy of Cited “Facts” in Medical Research Articles: A Review of Study Methodology and Recalculation of Quotation Error Rate(Public Library of Science, 2017-09) Mogull, ScottPrevious reviews estimated that approximately 20 to 25% of assertions cited from original research articles, or "facts," are inaccurately quoted in the medical literature. These reviews noted that the original studies were dissimilar and only began to compare the methods of the original studies. The aim of this review is to examine the methods of the original studies and provide a more specific rate of incorrectly cited assertions, or quotation errors, in original research articles published in medical journals. Additionally, the estimate of quotation errors calculated here is based on the ratio of quotation errors to quotations examined (a percent) rather than the more prevalent and weighted metric of quotation errors to the references selected. Overall, this resulted in a lower estimate of the quotation error rate in original medical research articles. A total of 15 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the primary quantitative analysis. Quotation errors were divided into two categories: content ("factual") or source (improper indirect citation) errors. Content errors were further subdivided into major and minor errors depending on the degree that the assertion differed from the original source. The rate of quotation errors recalculated here is 14.5% (10.5% to 18.6% at a 95% confidence interval). These content errors are predominantly, 64.8% (56.1% to 73.5% at a 95% confidence interval), major errors or cited assertions in which the referenced source either fails to substantiate, is unrelated to, or contradicts the assertion. Minor errors, which are an oversimplification, overgeneralization, or trivial inaccuracies, are 35.2% (26.5% to 43.9% at a 95% confidence interval). Additionally, improper secondary (or indirect) citations, which are distinguished from calculations of quotation accuracy, occur at a rate of 10.4% (3.4% to 17.5% at a 95% confidence interval).Item Achieving Organizational Flexibility through Ambidexterity(US Army War College, 2017-08) Shields, Patricia M.; Travis, DonaldThis article introduces the concept of organizational ambidexterity and explains its value to military planning and problem-solving from the tactical to strategic levels.Item African American Experiences in the Historic Dunbar Neighborhood in San Marcos, Texas: A Case Study of Counter-Life Stories(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2020-10-03) Ashford-Hanserd, Shetay; Sarmiento, Eric; Myles, Colleen C.; Rayburn, Steven W.; Roundtree, Aimee K.; Hayton, Mary-Patricia; Ybarra, Edward; Benitez, Sarai; Clifford, Theresa M.; Pierce, Christopher; Williams, Chad D.; Maleki, ShadiThe purpose of this participatory research project is to examine the lived experiences (counter-life stories) of current and former Dunbar residents and congregants of Dunbar churches to demonstrate how local stories counter the dominant perspective about the experiences of American Americans in the Dunbar community. Once a thriving community at the center of civil rights activities in Hays County, Texas, the neighborhood has evolved in many ways in the past several decades, contrary to popular belief. This case study employs counter-life story methodology to uncover the hidden truths about Dunbar residents and congregants’ experiences to generate new knowledge about the experiences of African Americans in San Marcos, Texas, and Hays County. Thematic analysis of unfiltered commentary from Dunbar community members revealed three emergent themes: history of racism and slavery, impact of environmental and social racism, and rebuilding and restoring the community. Individual and shared strengths make the community unique and resilient. In-migration of new community members has been outpaced by outmigration. Finally, issues of taxation, representation, and the ongoing deterioration of neighborhood infrastructure are forefront in community members’ minds. In sum, the bedrock of personal and community values and hard work has not changed, but external forces continue to affect the community and compel it to pivot and make plans for change. Personal and communal strengths make the community unique and resilient. Future work will enlist geographic data and methods to help further investigate changes over time.Item Alabama and the Texas Revolution(Texas State Historical Association, 1947-01) Elliott, ClaudeNo abstract prepared.Item Ambidextrous Civil Military Relations: Integrating the Two Hands of Peace(2016-01-27) Shields, Patricia M.In January of 2016, Patricia M. Shields, the editor of Armed Forces & Society, addressed the Association of Civil Military Studies of Israel at their bi-annual conference at Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee. The following is the text of her speech. The speech has been slightly modified to incorporate references.Item An American Perspective on 21st Century Expeditionary Mindset and Core Values: A Review of the Literature(Nomos, 2011-01) Shields, Patricia M.This book chapter reviews literature on core values and the expeditionary mindset. The historical context and definitions are developed. Key tenets of the 21st century expeditionary mindset are identified and examined. Soldiers with an expeditionary mindset should first, be mentally prepared to deploy on short notice anywhere in the world; second, have the critical-thinking skills necessary to adapt quickly to a changing operational environment; third, work cooperatively with members of a Joint team; fourth, posses knowledge of the culture in the area of the local populace, and; fifth, the expeditionary force will be using 21st century network centric technology. The expeditionary force may require a reexamination of core values and an organizational transformation. The chapter examines implications and shows how the pragmatism of John Dewey may be able to reconcile possible contradictions.Item Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021-04-23) Hampton, Jordan O.; Hyndman, Timothy H.; Allen, Benjamin L.; Fischer, BobEthical food choices have become an important societal theme in post-industrial countries. Many consumers are particularly interested in the animal welfare implications of the various foods they may choose to consume. However, concepts in animal welfare are rapidly evolving towards consideration of all animals (including wildlife) in contemporary approaches such as “One Welfare”. This approach requires recognition that negative impacts (harms) may be intentional and obvious (e.g., slaughter of livestock) but also include the under-appreciated indirect or unintentional harms that often impact wildlife (e.g., land clearing). This is especially true in the Anthropocene, where impacts on non-human life are almost ubiquitous across all human activities. We applied the “harms” model of animal welfare assessment to several common food production systems and provide a framework for assessing the breadth (not intensity) of harms imposed. We considered all harms caused to wild as well as domestic animals, both direct effects and indirect effects. We described 21 forms of harm and considered how they applied to 16 forms of food production. Our analysis suggests that all food production systems harm animals to some degree and that the majority of these harms affect wildlife, not livestock. We conclude that the food production systems likely to impose the greatest overall breadth of harms to animals are intensive animal agriculture industries (e.g., dairy) that rely on a secondary food production system (e.g., cropping), while harvesting of locally available wild plants, mushrooms or seaweed is likely to impose the least harms. We present this conceptual analysis as a resource for those who want to begin considering the complex animal welfare trade-offs involved in their food choices.