Graduate Student Research Conference
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10877/8272
The Graduate College invites graduate students from all disciplines to present at the Graduate Student Research Conference (GSRC) (previously known as the International Research Conference) and showcase their original research and creative works!
Graduate Student Research Conference Website: https://www.gradcollege.txst.edu/events/research/graduate-student-research-conference.html
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Item A Twitter Case Study: The Spreadability of the Viral Chilean Feminist Anthem #UnVioladorEnTuCamino(2021-04) Blanco, Clarice A.Digital Activism has become notorious for not creating real change and, instead, creating Slacktivist or Clicktivist who consider the passive actions of sharing and liking social justice posts as real activism. Boots on the ground, picket lines, and marches are the traditional get-off-your-ass type of activism that enacts real change, or so we thought. This study explores a moment in which social media activism creates change by building a collective voice, community, and bringing awareness to gendered violence and gender inequalities—topics not usually discussed in public or private spaces. To understand how the #UnVioladorEnTuCamino anthem and Twitter movement became a global social media activism movement, the author rhetorically analyzed several Twitter posts from the beginning of the movement in November of 2019 to early 2020, as it is ongoing and still referenced online. The results of this study indicate the simplicity of use, convenience, and accessibility of Twitter internationalized this anthem and message. These results suggest the spreadability of the hashtag #UnVioladorEnTuCamino is in direct relation with the easy-to-use social media platform that already had a reputation for social activism, as well as an anonymous space provided to discuss such controversial topics of gendered violence and gender inequalities. On this basis, it is important to note the #UnVioladorEnTuCamino movement does not behave like traditional social media activism movements; it began as live performances, shifted to being shared on Twitter, and eventually adapted to Twitter by being performed and discussed for the online space.Item Advancing Lightweight Engineered Cementitious Composites: An Interpretable Machine Learning Framework(2024-04-02) Uddin, Md Nasir; Shi, XijunIn recent years, the integration of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to predict the properties of Lightweight Engineered Cementitious Composites (LWECCs) has garnered significant attention. The Compressive Strength (CS) and Flexural Strength (FS) are pivotal attributes of LWECCs, underpinning their utility in various civil engineering endeavors. This research aims to collate mixture design components and their associated strengths of LWECCs, specifically those reinforced with polyethylene, and polyvinyl alcohol fibers, from the extant literature. To predict the CS and FS of LWECCs, models based on eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) were developed. Emphasis was placed on hyperparameter optimization using GridSearchCV to refine model performance for LWECCs. Additionally, the influence of mixture properties on model outcomes was investigated through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis, providing insights into optimal mixture designs for LWECCs. This study underscores the potential of enhancing predictive modeling in civil engineering by integrating advancements in machine learning, offering a pathway to more effective and efficient material design.Item An Assessment of Accessing Mental Health Treatment Among Aging Incarcerated Persons(2022-08) Fritz, KatlynNo abstract prepared.Item An Evaluative Study of a Dropout Prevention Program on African American Male Students in Central Texas High Schools(2024-04) Williams, CrosvilleHigh school dropouts are a major concern for many states. It is known that male students drop out at higher rates than female students. In Texas, Black males have been identified as having the highest four-year dropout rates among all ethnic groups at 11.8%, followed by American Indians at 9.7%, then Hispanics at 9.4%. Several factors contribute to dropping out of high school. The literature suggests that dropping out is a process with many push and pull factors influencing Black males to drop out. This study presents not only those influential factors but also identifies dropout prevention programs known to lower dropout rates among Black males. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Communities in Schools (CIS) dropout prevention program was able to lower the dropout rate among Black males or increase the four-year graduation rate. The results indicate that the CIS program was able to increase the graduation rates among Black male students using key components known to lower Black male dropout. Finally, the research highlights a key area of improvement for the program as well as the future directions that future research should prioritize in the study of at-risk Black male students.Item An Upsurge of Type 2 Diabetes in the United States(2022-04) Das, SnehaBackground: Diabetes is a growing health concern in all nations of the world. It is a non-communicable disease that is the ninth leading cause of death globally (WHO, 2021) and an increasing cause of disability. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. (CDC, 2020). Type 2 diabetes develops in individuals over 45 years of age, but recently, more children and adolescents are developing it, affecting the nation's overall health (CDC, 2020). This disease burdens individuals, families, and society physically, emotionally, and economically. Hence it is a significant public health concern that calls for attention. Methods: The magnitude of diabetes is measured through the National Diabetes Statistics Report and surveys. The assessment process of diabetes is ongoing and continuous because of new challenges and changes in health determinants. This research has evaluated the various available resources, such as DSHS health risk assessment, to determine the preventive measures to reduce the diabetic population. Results: This report suggests that effective interventions, at both the individual and population levels, exist to slow the diabetes epidemic and reduce diabetes-related complications. This research describes the current diabetes epidemic and the health and economic impact of diabetes complications on individuals and the health care system. The report also provides suggestions by which the epidemic can be curbed. Conclusion: Diabetes awareness campaigns, promotion of a nutritious diet, and encouragement to increase physical activity can aid in controlling diabetes. This report can help public health professionals plan to reduce the future burden of diabetes.Item Analysis of Reflectograms of Pile Integrity Test Using Image Processing Technique(2024-04) Debnath, Picasso KumarPile foundations are typically used for major constructions and in cases when the soil at shallow depths is insufficient to withstand excessive settlement, uplift, and so on. Excavating a hole in the ground and filling it with concrete with various types of reinforcement is how cast-in-situ piles are constructed. It has become clear that even the most advanced piling technique can't guarantee flawless results. Integrity testing identifies areas with reduced cross-sections (necking) or poor material qualities. Minor faults, such as microscopic cracks, can often be predicted, but their nature must be confirmed through visual inspection. The main objective of this thesis work is to identify the condition of the cast-in-situ pile and to identify the faulty piles. From recent studies, Sonic Integrity Testing (SIT) is a type of low-strain testing that is an effective instrument for detecting faults and estimating pile length. The success of integrity testing in its current state is dependent on two key factors: the quality of gathered signals and the interpreter's experience. A computer-based analysis of the test results is required to determine the best result in place of the human. As highlighted in the ICE manual handbook, CIRIA 144 (1997), proposes a taxonomy of three types (Type 0, 1, and 2) of Reflectogram signal responses. Here, MATLAB is used to create an image-based analysis that digitally represents the signal type. After that, the data is sorted in an Excel file for numerical analysis. The created method was used on 204 signals of 68 piles at SKS LPG Mongla, with 2 piles classified as Type 0, 171 piles classified as Type 1, and 31 piles classified as Type 2. The image-based algorithm and expert judgment were found to be almost identical. Because the analysis is so good, it's more practical to apply it instead of the traditional approaches for pile testing mechanisms.Item Assistive Technologies and Strategies for Writing in Middle School(2022-09) Guha, Manjary; Collins, Alyson A.Content-area writing in middle school requires the ability to extract key points from the content and transform information into a written product. However, students with learning disabilities (LD) often lack the skills needed to develop written products within the content areas, which in turn affects their academic success (Evmenova et al., 2016). Researchers have invented assistive technologies that can be used in the classroom setting to assist learners with writing in content areas. The purpose of this study was to review existing research studies investigating assistive technologies and instructional strategies aimed at enhancing the writing skills of middle-school students. We examined studies that used randomized control trials (RCTs), within-subject, and single-case designs to explore the effectiveness of assistive technologies and note-taking strategies for improving content-area writing of students with LD. We used electronic databases Eric and PsycINFO to find prior research in these areas. Additionally, we conducted hand searches and reference searches to augment the studies obtained from the database search. After screening 144 studies using eligibility and inclusion criteria, we were left with a total of four studies. Among these, two studies examined the effects of computer-based graphic organizers (CGBOs) as an assistive technology in middle school classrooms. The other two studies investigated strategies for writing in middle schools such as mnemonics, 'Cued prompt', and Technology-Based Graphic Organizers (TGBOs). Findings suggest CBGOs, TGBOs, and note-taking strategies such as cued prompts and mnemonics improve writing and note-taking quality for students with LD as measured by overall word counts, the number of sentences in note-taking, and writing essays. While the long-term effects of assistive technologies remain uncertain, findings from our literature review suggest significant and measurable benefits for middle school students when technology interventions are used for writing. References Evmenova, A. S., Regan, K., Boykin, A., Good, K., Hughes, M., MacVittie, N., Sacco, D., Ahn, S. Y., & Chirinos, D. (2016). Emphasizing Planning for Essay Writing with a Computer-Based Graphic Organizer. Exceptional Children, 82(2), 170–191.Item Automotive Crashes Across Texas in 2020(2021-04) Atkins, DaneDespite increasing vehicles miles traveled – more cars and more drivers – automotive fatality rates have been in decline for decades. However, in 2020, amidst a global pandemic and widespread societal lockdowns, driving behaviors changed dramatically. Reports emerged as early as mid-summer and were later reaffirmed by the National Highway Safety Administration: the number of automotive collisions in 2020 had decreased from previous years, but the number of fatal crashes held steady – or even increased. I validate these observations for the State of Texas and provide a closer examination of the spatial and temporal trends underlying the increased fatality rates. The analysis utilizes four years of official crash records from the state of Texas, where the fatal crash rate from the year 2020 is compared to earlier year-records using a statistical difference of proportions test. Overall, fatal crash rates increased across the state, but these increases were primarily associated with highly urbanized areas (rural areas enjoyed a slight decrease in fatal crash rates). Although fatality rates peaked in April 2020, the fatality rate remained unusually high throughout the year.Item "Back in the Shadows": Passivity and Working-Class Injustices in Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go(2022-04) Hecker, MadelineThis essay explores humanity’s passivity towards injustice within the context of modern labor in Ishiguro’s 2005 novel, Never Let Me Go. It also analyzes the dignity of human life as it relates to the working class and the willingness of others to minimize and ignore struggle. Secondary material includes Louis Althusser’s “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” (1971), Anthony Giddens’s “Power, the Dialectic of Control and Class Structuration” (1982), Roberto del Valle Alcala’s “Servile Life: Subjectivity, Biopolitics, and the Labor of the Dividual in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go” (2019), Lisa Fluet’s “Immaterial Labors: Ishiguro, Class, and Affect” (2007), and Marissa Martin’s “Boundaries and Biopolitics: The Construction of Bare Life in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go” (2021). One problem this essay addresses is predeterminism and the inability to improve upon one’s current situation. The clones in Never Let Me Go were created to follow a set path of becoming carers, donors, then completing. This physical and emotional labor is inescapable for them, yet outsiders minimize their situation and view them as subhuman to make reality easier to accept. Although a work of dystopian fiction, the lack of agency and enslavement to labor that the clones experience aligns to the real world. Through a close analysis of Ishiguro and the secondary materials, the essay achieves a clearer understanding of modern labor in society. Working-class literature is quite difficult to define, so the overarching question of the essay is, “What constitutes this genre?” Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go speaks to the struggle of the working class in a unique way while highlighting how capitalism trains children to believe the system they live in is normal and acceptable. This essay situates Ishiguro as a working-class writer and expands the confines of the genre.Item Bacteria fight club: Identifying probiotics for goldfish(2021-04) Ortiz, Whitney; Huertas, Mar; Carlos-Shanley, CamilaExposure to pollutants, like nitrite, negatively impacts fish both directly and indirectly. Nitrite can cause brown blood disease in fish when they are exposed to elevated nitrite concentrations. This occurs when hemoglobin is converted into methemoglobin which cannot transport oxygen. Although the direct effects of nitrite are well studied, it is unknown how nitrite impacts the microbiome. The microbiome is important because it supports the immune system by taking resources from pathogens and competing directly with them using antimicrobial molecules. When the microbiome is disrupted, it can lead to increased susceptibility to disease and disturbed physiological functions, which can lead to death. Probiotics, a microorganism administered for its beneficial attributes, are often used to stabilize a disrupted microbiome. The added bacteria are specifically selected to correct an imbalance by recolonizing the microbiome, releasing useful metabolites, and competing with pathogens. The impact of elevated nitrite concentrations on fish is important because they are a major food source. However, when they are farmed in aquaculture, they are exposed to elevated levels of nitrite. This study aimed to identify probiotic candidates that could be used to stabilize the fish microbiomes after they were exposed to elevated concentrations of nitrite. To accomplish this, bacteria were isolated from the tissues of healthy goldfish by swabbing with sterile swabs, growing on ½ BHI or R2A media, and identified using Sanger sequencing. A competition and agar plug assay were then used to determine the antimicrobial properties of the candidates against Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas hydrophilia which are common fish pathogens in aquaculture. The pathogens were plated with the probiotic candidates to see which candidate inhibited the growth of the pathogens. Of the 22 candidates tested, 15 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one pathogen on an agar plug or competition assay. The candidates were then exposed to the same tests with nitrite in the media to identify those that could inhibit pathogen growth when grown with nitrite. The two best candidates were a Pseudomonas and Pseudoxanothomonas species. These bacteria were isolated from healthy goldfish and should be safe while also inhibiting pathogen growth. Probiotics have the potential to mitigate the negative effects of nitrite exposure in fish, and bacteria isolated from healthy fish should not pose a risk. These probiotics could be used in aquaculture to reduce the cost and increase fish production. While probiotics have been used to stabilize the microbiome, there has been no research into how probiotics could be used to stabilize the microbiome from nitrite exposure. Additionally, this probiotic would be used while the fish are still being exposed to elevated nitrite levels and would have to both thrive and prevent pathogen growth at these higher levels. This research, therefore, is investigating the potential benefits of unexplored probiotics that have the potential to drastically help aquaculture production.Item Comparison of Historical Markers in the Different States(2022-04) Liu, YanyanHistorical markers show the memory of the past. Historical markers' contents may vary due to local governments or the different time series. To know the historical markers' memorial topics in different places, this project collected Texas and Florida's existing records, analyzed the most frequent keywords. The result shows that the markers in these two states shared some common things, such as the positive correlation between population and the number of markers. Besides, Texas markers are more related to religion, while Florida markers are more connected to the environment. Results show that the topic varies within a state in different periods.Item Craig Courtney's Arrangement of Lift Every Voice and Sing: Analysis for Performance(2021-04) Park, EstherThe melody of Lift Every Voice and Sing can be frequently heard in TV shows, radio programs, civic organization meetings, sung by church choirs and school choirs across the United States. This song is known as the Black National Anthem and has long been a symbol of the African-American movement for social justice. Many musicians, composers, singers and listeners have been inspired by this song. Before this semester began, I had to decide on the repertoire I would conduct for the Texas State Men’s Choir. Finding an appropriate piece was difficult as a Korean student as I have not been exposed to a men’s choir until now. I suggested some music that I was interested into my supervising professor, Dr. Jonathan Babcock. He recommended Lift Every Voice and Sing arranged by Craig Courtney. I was immediately interested in the piece and was eager to learn more about the African American spiritual style. In preparation for rehearsals and performance I needed to know the origin and meaning of the text and music. The more I discovered about the background of this style of music, the more I was interested in it. In my exploration, I listened to several different arrangements of the song and began considering what makes the arrangement by Courtney unique. I concluded that I needed to analyze Craig Courtney’s Arrangement of Lift Every Voice and Sing as my project. Craig Courtney arranged this Lift Every Voice and Sing for a chorus in 2010. One of the first discoveries I made is that Courtney does not use the third stanza of the original song. Courtney instead includes the refrain of the well-known spiritual, Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen, as the introduction. I was curious why the composer chose this particular spiritual at the beginning of his arrangement. In addition, I am curious whether the meaning of the third stanza is relevant to “Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen”. I would also like to explore the scoring used for each stanza. Why did the arranger choose the beginning passage to be in unison in the first stanza and tutti in the second? A performance of Lift Every Voice and Sing by the Texas State Men’s Choir will be included in my presentation. My presentation will show the theoretical and practical aspects of Craig Courtney’s arrangement that makes it unique from other arrangements. Craig Courtney will be visiting the Texas State Men’s Choir, providing a wonderful opportunity for the chorus and me to learn his interpretation of the piece. In addition, the Men’s Choir will perform Lift Every Voice and Sing in a Concert Broadcast on April 24, 2021, to which our university community is invited.Item Creating a Developmental Education Curriculum for Student Success with Diverse Cultures(2023-04) Guest, Jayson; Mumu, Maisha FarzanaA sense of belonging and community support is extremely important to college student success. Both engender the kind of systems thinking students need to excel in the university. This is especially true for developmental education students who must take a non-credit bearing class, or classes, in addition to the standard requirements for their degree. These classes provide obstacles to student motivation in the way they impose an added financial burden and also come with the stigma of remediation. One of the most effective ways to foster a sense of belonging and offer community support is through a practice of culturally sensitive pedagogy. This project looks to answer the question “How does an instructor create a welcoming and equitable developmental education curriculum for students of diverse cultures, and to what extent are Texas State University developmental education instructors implementing those measures?” By combining a literary analysis and qualitative data from learning environment observations of Texas State University developmental education reading classes, an evaluation of useful practices for student success is offered in our results.Item Development of a New Method for Rapid Purification and Analysis of Circular Plasmid DNAs from Yeast Cells(2024-04) Ali, Ahmed Wajahat; Sowersby, Drew S.; Okoye, Linda C.; Lewis, L. KevinIt is common practice to purify circular plasmid DNAs from small cultures of E. coli bacterial cells for subsequent analysis by gel electrophoresis. By contrast, extraction and electrophoretic analysis of circular DNAs from small cultures of yeast and other eukaryotic cells is difficult because of the small numbers of these molecules inside cells. Existing methods employed in budding yeast (S. cerevisiae) require extraction from a large volume of cultured cells; the partially purified plasmids are then typically transformed into E. coli cells and extracted via plasmid DNA minipreps for gel analysis. In the current study, we have developed a new method for extracting plasmids from small yeast cell cultures that permits visualization of the circular DNAs by electrophoresis. The new approach was shown to be superior to two other common yeast DNA extraction methods, as it produced more plasmid DNA and less contaminating chromosomal DNA and RNA. The method was tested by cloning a RAD52 gene-containing fragment into an expression vector inside yeast cells. DNAs from the transformants were then analyzed directly by gel electrophoresis after performing yeast minipreps. The new method allows yeast plasmids to be analyzed quickly, eliminating the requirement for subsequent transformation into E. coli cells.Item Development of a Scale to Measure Teachers' Beliefs Toward Struggles in Mathematics(2022-04) Kirmizi, Mehmet; Tarim, KamuranIn this study we are developing a valid and reliable scale to measure teachers’ belief of efficacy of productive struggle. Traditionally, struggles in mathematics is considered something undesirable. However, the recent understanding frames struggles something necessary for gaining deep understanding. The idea that mistakes and errors are necessary for the growth of the brain is well supported by the evidence from different fields. Empirical evidence suggests the idea of that students can transform their unproductive struggles to productive ones. If teachers do not want to support their students struggle; students cannot take full advantage of productive struggles in mathematics. Teachers’ positive beliefs and attitudes toward struggles in mathematics is essential to harness the power of struggles. For this poster, we plan to share our work developing a scale to measure teachers’ beliefs towards struggle. We identified that productive struggle is usually tied with the four components: conceptual understanding, persistence, tasks and times, and joy of teaching. After identifying these four components we exchanged several emails with a leading scholar in the field to make align our understanding with her vision. After that we developed initial pool of items based on theoretical components that is mentioned above. The initial pool contains 52 items, we evaluate each item based on several criteria and then finally the number of items is reduced in 21. We sent initial scale to number of graduate students and pre-service mathematics and elementary school teachers. To this date we are still collecting data to asses the internal reliability of our scale.Item Diet of West African Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a Savanna Landscape at Fongoli, Senegal(2022-04) Dobson, Kaelyn; Boyer-Ontl, Kelly; Pruetz, JillChimpanzees are considered frugivores with the primary consumed forage being fruit items. Chimpanzees living in savanna habitats are hypothesized to be limited by the distribution of fruit with higher levels of scarcity when compared to chimpanzees living in forested areas. Pruetz (2006) first described the feeding ecology of savanna chimpanzees at Fongoli, Senegal based on preliminary information from the initial years of the study site (2001-present). The current study updates the diet of the Fongoli chimpanzees with a dataset covering a decade (2005-2014). Findings show the Fongoli chimpanzees consumed fruit, flowers, pith, cambium and seeds from 77 identified species of climbers, grasses, trees and shrubs. The chimpanzees are also found to consumed mammals (patas monkeys, green monkeys, baboons and galagos), insects (termites, beetles and ants) and animal products including honey. Among all consumed items, fruit was the most common food type by count. Additionally, there is a seasonal shift between wet and dry seasons when comparing count percentages with the wet season dominated by fruit and animal products while the dry season was dominated by foliage and fruit.Item Distribution of the Mediterranean gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) in Texas(2021-04) Bassett, Lawrence G.; Zughaiyir, Ferris E.; Forstner, Michael R. J.The Mediterranean Gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) is a small (10 – 12.7 cm total length) nocturnal gekkonid lizard native to southern Europe, northern Africa, and far-west Asia. It has been introduced to many areas outside its native range and has established numerous populations throughout the United States. The first report of H. turcicus from Texas was from Cameron County in 1955. Since then, H. turcicus has become established throughout much of the state and new county occurrence records continue to be published regularly. Despite the efforts of numerous herpetologists, the distribution of H. turcicus within Texas remains poorly known. The last county-delineated state-wide distribution map was published in 2013 and was promptly made obsolete with the publication of 16 Texas county records in 2014. In total, 55 Texas county records have been published for H. turcicus since the last state-wide distribution map was printed. We provide an updated state-wide distribution map and report on our efforts to elucidate the distribution of H. turcicus in Texas. From 2019 – 2021, we travelled to 23 Texas counties to search for H. turcicus. Nocturnal surveys were conducted in each county around anthropogenic structures in urban habitats. Mediterranean geckos were found in 21 counties and voucher specimens were deposited at the Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center at the University of Texas at Arlington. Our findings demonstrate substantial range expansion of H. turcicus in Texas. Further surveys should be conducted throughout the state as conspicuous gaps in our distribution map exist. Special attention should be given to H. turcicus populations occupying semi-natural habitats in west Texas and determining interactions between this non-native lizard and the native herpetofauna.Item Elements of Effective Water Conservation Legislation in Texas(2023-04) Boggan, KayleeThe purpose of this applied research project is fourfold. First, the curation of the ideal components of water conservation legislation came from a thorough literature review. Next, the framework was used by the researcher to help assess the processes currently used by the Texas legislature. Third, this evaluative exercise helped identify the shortcomings of the current process used by the Texas legislature to address this critical policy issue. Finally, recommendations to improve current lawmaking practices are provided based on the evidence from interviews and document analysis. Legislative action establishes regulatory policy that influences the way water conservation enforcement occurs. The ideal framework created in this study is based on four legislative standards: economic development, social capital/welfare, statutory authority and case law, and agency design. Each standard was assessed using document analysis of Texas Senate Bill 1 (75R), Texas Senate Bill 2(77R), and Texas Senate Bill 3 (79R) and associated documents. Evidence from interviews with water/public policy experts also provided essential information regarding how effective water conservation legislation must be created. The results indicated that an ideal bill must consider effective agency design, statutory authority and case law, social capital and welfare, and economic development. Recommendations include a revamp of the rule of capture, inclusion of provisions relating to climate science, and additional funding to groundwater conservation districts or a One Water Management Approach. Further, Texas should include efficiency regulations and program evaluations including sufficiently long transition periods to allow stakeholders to prepare for change including metrics for improving and quantitative measurements.Item Embracing Student Language as Scaffolding During Mathematical Modeling(2023-04) Quansah, Abigail; Czocher, Jennifer A.No abstract prepared.Item “Everything is Theory Versus Practice”: Department Policy Changes in the Time of Black Lives Matter(2021-04) Wong, Kimberly; Garza, Leslie; Robbins, MeaganThe current study investigated how policing has changed from the viewpoint of police officers, due to the modern racial justice movement that has come to mainstream attention in the United States. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of current police officers, regarding recent department policy changes and resulting shifts to routine policing behaviors. Using narratives from the perspective of police officers, the research explored how these two functions have been altered due to the present controversy surrounding policing and demand for police reform. Results and future implications will be discussed.
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